Case of Apple Suing Samsung in America-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Compose a report looking into it of apple suing Samsung in America. Answer: Realities: In the year 2012, the worldwide media transmission brand Apple had recorded a body of evidence against Samsung for abused the arrangements of Patent. It has been affirmed by apple that Samsung has sold advanced cells and Apple possessed tablets and the patent of the equivalent explicitly. As per Apple, Samsung had not educated Apple while utilizing their licenses. It has likewise been claimed that apple had as of now in the patent war with another media transmission brand Motorola in regards to the patent and Samsung had penetrated the arrangement of patent while the war was going on (Lee, 2015). Apple had recorded body of evidence against Samsung by claiming that the South Korea-based organization had made encroachment in regards to three utility licenses and four plan licenses. The Jury held Samsung at risk in 2012 by seeing that the organization had unyieldingly made a viciousness with respect to the utility example that are exclusively claimed by Apple and punished the organizati on. Issue: The primary issue that has been sprung up for this situation is whether Samsung has made any encroachment in regards to the licenses that are claimed by Apple or not. It has been affirmed by the Apple that the claim that has been documented against Samsung influenced the market of Apple and the organization needed to confront misfortune because of the equivalent. Muellar (2015) that the organization has found a way to reinforce its base on specialized licenses has expressed it. It has been claimed by the organization that the Galaxy Nexus set has encroached the patent of Apple and utilize the Android 4.0 programming that has been especially marked with Apple. The fundamental contest is that if Google change the program code of Nexus model, the world will know the way that an encroachment has been made and that is the apple of disagreement between the two driving mobile phone brands. Lawful arrangement: The primary charge of Apple against Samsung is that the later has made a patent encroachment against the previous. The term patent encroachment indicates a movement where a gathering utilizes the patent innovation of another without advising the sole proprietor regarding the patent. Patent is a piece of the Intellectual Property Act. In the vast majority of the cases, the supposed gatherings are encroaching the patent arrangements to increase unlawful benefits by business exercises. It has been affirmed by apple that Samsung has made an encroachment with respect to the 647 patent which assists with recognizing data in messages naturally. Further, 721 patent assists with opening the home screen by the assistance of movement sensor. As indicated by apple, Apple only approves every one of these licenses, Samsung has utilized these licenses in their advanced cells, and tablets and they didn't advise Apple in regards to the equivalent (Shin et al., 2015). Certain results of Samsung, for example, Galaxy Nexus, Galaxy Note, Galaxy Note II, Galaxy Tab 2, etc. In any case, after a fanatic procedure, Apple has ready to get a request for order on the supposed models and get a pay of $120 million against Samsung (Spulber, 2018). References: Lee, J. H. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 29/430,414. Mueller, J. (2015). Solutions for Patent Infringement: Enhanced Damages and Willful Patent Infringement. Shin, H. S., Park, J. H., Yoo, H. G., Ahn, S. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 29/425,927. Spulber, D. F. (2018). Finding Reasonable Royalty Damages: A Contract Approach to Patent Infringement.

Christianity Essays (507 words) - Monotheistic Religions

Assignment 1; NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE NEWS Essay

Task 1; NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE NEWS - Essay Example sentially takes part in portraying the exercises attempted by changed volunteers who shape and add to the Threatened Birds Network (TBN) which is a network based program of the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust and Birds Australia. Issue nearby is the endeavors taken up across mainland Australia to distinguish and preserve the different types of winged animals that are undermined with annihilation because of different rash estimates impinging on the eco-condition in which such flying creatures flourished. The article nonetheless, recognizes freeing from timberland regions as the significant reason for evacuating protecting and settling regions of a few feathered creatures and along these lines driving them to the edge of termination. The article recognizes principally land as the locational setting of the issue. The issue, most definitely, has the region in rustic Australia and specifically in the woods territory either cleared or confronting clearing in or around such country territories. Anyway the article additionally recognizes sea shore zones of Australia as the area exceptional to explicit winged creatures confronting eradication. This infers the focal point of the article is fowls found ashore and confronting elimination. Because of constrained references to sea shore zones and winged animals discovered in that the article can likewise be considered as having the fundamental accentuation of undermined flying creatures in forests of provincial hinterland of Australia. As effectively expressed over the Australian government is the significant on-screen character assuming a significant job in settling the issue through its National Heritage Trust and Birds Australia. Its instrumentality is the network based program Threatened Birds Network (TBN).From the tenor of the article apparently the TBN includes the cooperation of both the experts and network based volunteers .The previous classification are classed as ordinary recuperation groups in the article. The volunteer class principally contains private land proprietors or nearby land holders. Besides the last class has additionally been recognized for the most part as involved

Principles of Accounting for Ethics- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about thePrinciples of Accountingfor Ethics in the Future. Answer: Bookkeeper Skills and Ethics in the Future The eventual fate of the bookkeepers would increasingly confused, intricate and common since they would be required progressively inventive, dynamic and viable abilities and morals so as to perform different capacities identified with inspecting, bookkeeping, and monetary. Moreover, it is likewise critical to realize that, the future would be questionable for the bookkeeping individuals and they need to play out various testing errands and capacities in progressively convoluted business condition. For instance, later on, there would be tight rivalry, up-degree in the innovation, changes in the bookkeeping rules and gauges, progressively serious and globalized economy. These elements would influence and power the bookkeepers to procure distinctive bookkeeping abilities and morals. For instance, later on, the bookkeepers would need to follow Technical and moral skills so as to play out their undertakings. It implies they need to lead their budgetary and furnishing capacities by charact erizing explicit measures. Similarly, they need to keep up the best expectations of uprightness, autonomy and distrust later on (Lobo, and Zhao, 2013). Aside from this, the future would likewise uphold the bookkeepers to turn out to be progressively clever. For example, with the assistance of the insight capacity, the bookkeepers would need to pick up profundity information so as to take care of progressively entangled issues. They would need to think deliberately and emphatically so as to direct their capacities later on. The future would likewise require greater imagination by the individual bookkeepers with the goal that they might utilize existing information and data in the new circumstance to beat the bookkeeping issues or difficulties. Alongside this, it is likewise essential to realize that, the bookkeepers would need to concentrate on turning out to be increasingly more passionate insight so as to direct and oversee confounded principles and standards in the region of bookkeeping (Humphrey, 2008). Besides, mechanical progression later on would likewise constrain the bookkeepers to be progressively inventive and advanced remainder. It implies they would need to deal with the new and inventive advancements by supplanting the current. For instance, the bookkeepers would need to mindful about the applications, ideas, jobs and standards of rising computerized advancements later on and they need to lead their practices and job according to the innovation (Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004). Simultaneously, it would be progressively basic and significant for the bookkeepers to carefully and adequately receive the moral sets of principles, rehearses, measures, standards and arrangements in directing their bookkeeping capacities. Furthermore, because of the tight rivalry and exceptionally globalized economy later on, the bookkeepers would need to improve their capacity to get to and foresee the up and coming patterns precisely and viably by extrapolating existing patterns and realities, and filling the holes by speculation imaginatively (Libet, 2002). In addition, in the Morden universe of advances, the bookkeepers would likewise need to improve the dynamic and circumstance taking care of abilities successfully. For case, the future would require to viably and sufficiently comprehend the necessities, needs, desires, and want of client in directing of bookkeeping exchanges and planning fiscal reports. In any case, these future aptitudes would be increasingly advantageous, successful, important and critical for the bookkeepers. For instance, by obtaining these aptitudes and moral information, they would have the option to satisfy their drawn out destinations and everyday capacities according to the hierarchical arrangements and gauges. In addition, these future aptitudes would likewise give critical chances to the bookkeepers in getting to the present market patterns and circumstances. They would have the option to more fulfill their client and inward outer partners (Hodge, Kennedy, and Maines, 2004). Then again, these aptitudes would permit them to take key choices to defeat different entangled business choices. Similarly they will have the option to work in any sorts of business circumstance. Simultaneously, these aptitudes would likewise help the bookkeepers in improve their present information and abilities. Besides, these aptitudes would likewise improve their capacity to successfully contend in the market. For instance, they would have the option to see how to accomplish serious degree or preferences from the more serious and globalized economy. In general, it very well may be said that, the bookkeepers should concentrate on improving their future bookkeeping abilities so as to achieve their destinations successfully (Porter, and Norton, 2008). References Hodge, F. D., Kennedy, J. J., and Maines, L. A., (2004). Does look encouraging innovation improve the straightforwardness of money related detailing? The Accounting Review 79 (3), pp, 687703 Humphrey, C., (2008). Evaluating research: A survey over the disciplinary partition. Bookkeeping, Auditing Accountability Journal 21 (2), pp, 170 203. Libet, B., (2002). The planning of mental occasions: Libets exploratory discoveries and their suggestions. Awareness and Cognition 11 (2), pp. 291299. Lobo, G. J., and Zhao, Y. (2013). Connection between review exertion and money related report errors: Evidence from quarterly and yearly repetitions. The Accounting Review, 88(4),pp, 1385-1412. Watchman, G., and Norton, C. (2008). Budgetary Accounting: The Impact on Decision Makers (6thed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2004). Bookkeeping Theory. USA: Cengage Learning EMEA.

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay The debris substance of a rough medication is commonly taken to be the buildup staying after burning. It for the most part speaks to the inorganic salts normally happening in the medication and holding fast to it, however it might likewise incorporate inorganic issue included with the end goal of debasement. There is an impressive distinction shifts inside restricted cutoff points on account of a similar individual medication. Thus a debris assurance outfits a reason for making a decision about the character and neatness of a medication and gives data comparative with its defilement with inorganic issue. Debris measures have been set up for various authority drugs. Typically these gauges get a greatest breaking point on the all out debris or on the corrosive insoluble debris allowed. The all out debris is the buildup staying after burning. The corrosive insoluble debris is the piece of the absolute debris which is insoluble in weakened hydrochloric corrosive. The debris or buildup yielded by a natural concoction compound is when in doubt, a proportion of the measure of inorganic issues present as polluting influence. Much of the time, the inorganic issue is available in limited quantities which are hard to evacuate in the cleaning procedure and which are not offensive if just follows are available. Debris esteems are useful in deciding the quality and immaculateness of the rough medications in powder structure. Systems given in Indian pharmacopeia were utilized to decide the distinctive debris esteems, for example, all out debris and corrosive insoluble debris. All out debris Weighed precisely around 3 gm of air dried powdered medication was taken in a tarred silica cauldron and burned by step by step expanding the temperature to make it dull red until liberated from carbon cooled and weighted and afterward determined the level of all out debris regarding the air dried medication. Corrosive insoluble debris The debris acquired as coordinated under all out debris above was overflowed with 25 ml of 2N HCl for 5 minutes. The insoluble issue was gathered on debris less channel paper, washed with boiling water lighted and gauged, at that point determined the level of corrosive insoluble debris regarding the air dried medication. Water solvent debris The all out debris acquired was overflowed with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes. The insoluble issue was gathered on a debris less channel paper, washed with high temp water and touched off for 15 minutes at a temperature not surpassing 450ËÅ ¡C. The heaviness of insoluble issue was deducted from the heaviness of all out debris. The distinction in weight speaks to the water dissolvable debris. The level of water solvent debris determined concerning the air dried medication. b. EXTRACTIVE VALUES Extractive estimations of rough medications are valuable for their assessment, particularly when the constituents of a medication can't be promptly evaluated by some other methods. Further, these qualities show the idea of the constituents present in a rough medication. Assurance of liquor dissolvable extractive worth 5 gm of the air-dried coarse powder of Anogeissus latifolia divider (Roxb.ex.DC) was macerated with 100 ml of 90% ethanol in a shut cup for 24 hours, shaking much of the time during the initial 6 hours and permitting representing 18hours. From that point, it was separated quickly avoiding potential risk against the loss of the dissolvable. Out of that filtrate, 25 ml of the filtrate was vanished to dryness in a tarred level bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and gauged. The level of ethanol solvent extractive worth was determined concerning the air-dried medication. The outcomes are recorded in the table. Assurance of water dissolvable extractive worth Weigh precisely 5 gm of coarsely powdered medication and macerate it with 100 ml of chloroform water in a shut cup for 24 hours, shaking habitually during the initial 6 hours and permit to representing 18 hours. From there on, it was separated quickly playing it safe against loss of the dissolvable. At that point 25 ml of the filtrate was vanished to dryness in a tarred level bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and gauged. The level of water dissolvable extractive was determined regarding the air dried medication. The outcomes are given in the table. c. Misfortune ON DRYING Misfortune on drying is the misfortune in weight in rate w/w dictated by methods for the methodology given beneath. It decides the measure of unstable matter of any sort (counting water) that can be driven off under the condition indicated (Desiccators or tourist oven). In the event that the example is as enormous gems, at that point diminish the size by speedy pulverizing to a powder. Strategy About 1.5 gm of powdered medication was weighed precisely in a tarred porcelain dish which was recently dried at 105ËÅ ¡C in sight-seeing oven to consistent weight and afterward gauged. From the distinction in weight, the rate loss of drying concerning the air dried substance was determined. d. FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS [Kokate.C.K, 2002; Khandelwal KR 1996]. In the close ultra district of the range (3000-4000AËÅ ¡) a portion of the phytoconstituents show pretty much splendid tinge when presented to radiation. This wonder of producing noticeable frequencies because of being energized by radiation of an alternate frequency is known as fluorescence. Now and then the measure of ultra-violet light typically present with noticeable light is adequate to deliver the fluorescence, yet frequently an all the more impressive wellspring of ultra-violet is important, for example mercury fume light. It is frequently conceivable to utilize this wonder for the subjective assessment of natural medications. A fluorescence normal for the powdered leaves of Anogeissus latifolia divider (Roxb.ex.DC) was seen in sunshine and UV light. Likewise the fluorescent investigation was performed on treating the medication powder with various substance reagents. The watched outcomes are given in table. e. Frothing INDEX: [Divakar M.C., 1996] Frothing record is essentially performed to decide the saponin content in a watery decoction of plant material. Assurance of frothing record: Weighed precisely about 1g of coarsely powdered medication and changed to 500ml funnel shaped cup containing 100ml of bubbling water. Kept up at moderate bubbling at 80-90ã‹å ¡c for about 30min. Cooled and included adequate water through the channel to make up the volume to 100ml (V1). Cleaned 10 stoppered test container of uniform measurement were taken and moved the progressive parts of 1,2,3ml up to 10ml and balanced the volume of the fluid in each test tube with water to 10ml.Stoppered the cylinders and shaken them in a the long way movement for 15 sec consistently and permitted to represent 15min and measure the tallness of froth. On the off chance that the tallness of the froth in each cylinder is under 1cm, the frothing file is under 100(not noteworthy). Here the froth was more than 1cm tallness after weakening of plant material. In the event that the tallness of the froth in each cylinder is more than 1cm, the frothing file is more than 1000. For this situation, 10ml of f irst decoction of plant material is estimated and moved to 100ml volumetric flagon (V2) and volume is made to 100ml and followed a similar system. 5.1. 2. Starter PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Extraction of plant material:- Oil ether extraction:- About 400gm of dry coarse leaf powder of the Anogeissus latifolia divider (Roxb.ex.DC) was removed with oil ether 2500ml (40-600c) for 18 hrs by nonstop hot permeation strategy. It was permitted to cool to 40oC and afterward sifted utilizing whatman No.1 channel paper. The filtrate was then amassed in a turning evaporator and the concentrate put away at 4Â °C until required. The concentrate yield (% w/w) from the plant material was recorded. Methanolic extraction:- About 400g of air dried coarse powdered material was taken in 1000ml soxhlet mechanical assembly and splashed with oil ether for 2 days. Toward the finish of second day the powder was taken out and it was dried. In the wake of drying it was again stuffed and separated by utilizing methanol (Changshu yangyuan synthetic compounds, China) as dissolvable, till shading vanished. The temperature was kept up at 55Â °C-65Â °C. After that concentrate was focused by refining and dissolvable was recouped. The last arrangement was vanished to dryness. The shading, consistency and yield (% w/w) of methanolic separate were noted. S.No. Name of concentrate Shading Consistency Yield% W/W 1 2 Methanolic remove Oil ether extricate Blackish earthy colored Blackish green Non Sticky mass clingy sleek mass 16.75 1.60Table: 1. Nature and shade of concentrate of Anogeissu latifolia divider (Roxb.ex.DC). 5.1. 3 CHEMICAL TESTS: A) Test for sugars 1. Molisch Test: It comprises of treating the mixes of a-naphthol and concentrated sulphuric corrosive at the edges of the test tube. Purple shading or ruddy violet shading was created at the intersection between two fluids. (Kokate, C.K et al, 2000) 2. Fehlings Test: Equal amount of Fehlings arrangement An and B is included. Warmth tenderly, block red encourage is gotten. 3. Benedicts test: To the 5ml of Benedicts reagent, include 8 drops of arrangement under assessment. Blend well, heating up the blend enthusiastically for two minutes and afterward cool. Red encourage is acquired. 4. Barfoeds test: To the 5ml of the Barfoeds arrangement include 0.5ml of arrangement under assessment, warmth to bubbling, development of red encourage of copper oxide is acquired. B) Test for Alkaloids 1. Dragendroffs Test: To the concentrate, include 1ml of Dragendroffs reagent Orange red accelerate is delivered. 2. Wagners test: To the concentrate include Wagner reagent. Ruddy earthy colored hasten is created. 3. Mayers Test: To the concentrate include 1ml or 2ml of Mayers reagent. Dull white accelerate is delivered. 4. Hagers Test: To the concentrate include 3ml of Hagers reagent yellow Precipitate is created. C) Test for Steroids and Sterols 1. Liebermann Burchard test: Dissolve the test in 2ml of chloroform in a dry test tube. Presently include 10 drops of acidic anhydride and 2 drops of concentrated sulphuric corrosive. The arrangement gets red, at that point blue lastly somewhat blue green in shading. 2. Salkowski test: Dissolve the example of test arrangement in chlor

Extraordinary Educators Teacher Appreciation Stories

Extraordinary Educators Teacher Appreciation Stories Read about teachers who go the extra mile for their students and colleagues every day. Back in May, we asked teachers to enter our Teacher Appreciation giveaway by nominating a fellow teacher who inspired them as an educator. We received so many amazing stories from all over the country - spouses who worked together and drew inspiration from the other, daughters who became teachers to emulate their mothers, and newer teachers expressing gratitude for their mentors, just to name a few. We’re going to be sharing some of our favorite entries throughout the summer, beginning with the two below! Our first story is from our Grand Prize Winner Kimberly Cobb, a special education teacher working with fifth- and sixth-graders in an economically disadvantaged district in Maine. She nominated Jessica Hartford, her fellow fifth-grade teacher, saying: “Jess teaches her students in innovative ways, she uses hands-on activities to help her students learn. She takes them fly fishing every year, takes them outside to teach them about the kinds of trees and their attributes, and does many of her science lessons with hands-on activities. She takes new teachers on her grade level under her wing and guides them throughout the year to help them learn best ways to teach difficult curriculum, problem-solving for classroom behavior management, and other things to help them have a smooth year. She is a leader among teachers. She is always advocating for the environment with her students to give them the information they need to understand human impact on the environment. Most importantly, Jess always advocates for her students and what is best for them first and foremost.” It’s amazing to see what committed teachers can do, even with limited resources at their disposal. Congratulations to Kim and Jessica, who each received an Amazon gift card and 1-year membership to TeacherVision. Our second entry comes from Anne Faulks, a seventh-grade language arts teacher in Tennessee who calls her profession “a challenging joy.” She nominated her school’s band teacher, Angela Sanders. “Mrs. Sanders is a phenomenal teacher. She takes students from very limited music and band knowledge to sounding like professional musicians. Her patience is remarkable! One year, her jazz band students made a CD. I had my brother, someone who knows and likes jazz, to listen to the CD. He asked about the band. He was surprised to know that the band was composed of only middle school musicians. For our school Veterans Day program, we had the Navy band perform. The Navy band moved from our area and were not able to perform for our recognition program. Mrs. Sanders stepped in, trained students by teaching them the service anthems, and had them play during all three school lunch periods. Her students performed as well as the Navy Band. They also played other pieces of music that was of interest to the veterans as well as the students. Visiting veteran guests, myself included, marveled at their talent and skill at playing the various service anthems. Band students were dressed in patriotic tee shirts that matched the theme of the program. Some of the visiting guests stayed after the lunch periods and the program ended just to continue to enjoy the sounds of the Appling School Band. Mrs. Sanders also participates as a member of the Bartlett Community Band. She encourages her students to audition. Many have joined the band and perform with her. Her face expresses pride as she performs along with her current and former students. She delights in her students’ successes. Many have gone on to receive scholarships to college and to become music/band teachers themselves. I cannot say enough good things about Mrs. Sanders. She is just a phenomenal teacher who loves and enjoys what she does with all of her being!” By sharing Mrs. Sanders’ exceptional work as a music teacher, Anne demonstrated perfectly why arts education is so crucial for many students. For more stories like this, check out Part II! Follow TeacherVision on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Google+. Is there a teacher who you’d like to see recognized for their work? Email social[at]teachervision.com.

Optimal capital structure debt and equity - Free Essay Example

Literature Review The capital structure of the firm is made of two things, one is the level of debt and the other is the proportion of equity. The management of the firm has to decide an appropriate mix of both the funding sources for the smooth running of the firm and the maximization of the shareholders wealth. Traditional view was that to increase gearing level to get weighted average cost of capital (WACC) low which will consequently give a higher present value of future cash flows and enhance shareholders wealth. However the higher level of debt will require a higher payment of interests before dividends which in turn leads the firm to become financially distressed and in extreme circumstances to be liquidised. Therefore, getting an optimal capital structure is essential. In this study I will discuss the two theories, optimal capital structure theory and the pecking order theory with the help of literature. Literature Review of Optimal Capital Structure Theory Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (1958) developed a theory for optimal capital structure. At first they assumed that there is a perfect capital market which means that there are no income taxes and transaction costs. If the market is ideal then the firms capital structure is inappropriate to its value as the investors are prudent, the required return of equity is directly proportional to increase in gearing. There is thus a linear association between cost of equity and gearing. The boost in cost of equity precisely offsets the benefits of the cheaper debt finance and therefore the WAAC remains unaffected. A number of practical criticisms were made at the assumptions of perfect market specifically at the supposition of no taxes which seemed unrealistic because the debt interest is tax deductible the effect of tax could not be neglected. However when corporation income taxes and transaction costs came into play Miller and Modigliani(1963) changed their view of having a perfect market and rephrased their theory saying that because debt interest is tax deductible the optimal capital structure can be complete debt finance as substituting debt instead of equity generates extra tax savings which can not be achieved otherwise. Firms can then pass on this extra saving to share holders and other investors in the form of higher returns. Arnold. G (2004) further explains this modified view as a firm financed with 99% of debt and 1% of equity serves its shareholders better then one funded by 50% debt and 50% equity. This in turn means that debt finance is cheaper then equity and using as much debt as possible in a firms capital structure will make the performance and outcome outstanding in terms of returns to its investors. This raised a further question that if the debt reduces the tax payments and results in the higher dividends to share holders then does this mean that the firms financed largely by equity are paying unnecessary corporation tax on the share hol ders funds? Miller (1977) discussed this problem as by increasing the debt finance in capital structure of the company we can save money on tax payouts but this will not change the value of the entity because the money saved by increasing the debt finance is paid back to the share holders in the form of dividends. In other words if the interest payments of debt is greater than the equity returns then it removes the advantage of debt finance. (Anne P. Villamil) The problem with Miller and Modiglianis theories is that if the company is financed by 99% debt it will put the company in the utter most degree of risk because debt is riskier than equity as well as cheaper. What is meant by risk here is that lenders will want their return before company can do anything else with its earnings and if company have to pay large amounts of its revenue towards the lenders then other obligations such as payments to suppliers, dividends, wages and salaries and other business expenses will not be met by the company. This can also result in poor rating by agencies and will stop investors to invest in the company in future and there will be no other way then to liquidise the company. Pecking Order Theory This theory is managerial type in which Myer (1984, p581) gives the idea that there is no such thing as optimal capital structure instead he argues that firms should raise finance in three different ways in order to save costs. Firstly they should generate funds internally secondly the debt finance should be used and thirdly there should some new share issues as well if needed. The ranking of fund raising in this particular way is entirely based upon the issue costs of the three different types. Because internally generated funds have the lowest issue costs then issuing debt has moderate issue costs and issue new equity has the highest costs. Therefore firms when ever they need funds for what ever reason should first generate funds internally and then move on to the next category if they need to. The pecking order theory is best explained by perspective of asymmetric information and the existence of transaction costs. Asymmetric or uneven information costs exist when firms produ ce funding for them internally to bring an investments net present value (NPV) to be positive. The outside investors, when the market price of the equity is greater than the actual value can under or over estimate the price of equity because usually they have very limited information about the company as compared to the managers and this gives chance to the managers to issue securities at a higher price (Myers and Majluf 1984). Some elegant investors are aware of the incentives behind the issue of new equity when the market overvalues the existing equity therefore they will adjust the price accordingly and as a result of this the new securities will be under priced in the market. The impact of under priced new equity issue will be a loss to existing share holders because new investors detain more of the NPV of the new project. The managers acting in the favour of existing share holder in such circumstances will reject the project even if the NPV is positive. This under investment ca n be avoided by financing the new project internally. (Mayer and Majluf 1984). The pecking order theory can also be explained by way of transaction costs. The costs linked with external fund raising are the key to select the source of finance. The sources can be ranked in order of the transaction costs associated with them as explained in the start of the pecking order theory section. There is another reason for the managers to give internal financing preference over external financing that is the managers or owner do not want to lose control over the entity by giving chance to the new share holders to enter in the company and exercise control (Holmes and Kent, 1991; Hamilton and Fox, 1998) therefore managers will attempt to finance their activities as much as possible with internally generated funds. However if there are no sufficient funds available to support the activities then the next option manager will choose for financing will be the one which gives the investor no or ve ry less control over the entity such as short term and long term debt and the final choice if there is no other way to raise finance will be issue of new equity. The problem with the pecking order theory is that it presses the point of giving preference to internal funds. If this is the case then the firm would have gearing ratio equal to zero. However, for being able to have enough internally generated funds and to cope with growth or to finance the activities the firm should be well established and mature. In reality this is not possible for most of the growing firms which do not have that level of internal funds therefore they have no other choice but to rely on debt finance which means the gearing ratio tends to move away from zero. Conclusion There is no any optimum capital structure which a firm can adopt and start running its businesses. A firm can get the point of gearing where it can maximize the shareholders wealth but finding that point is the problem in the real world. The point of optimum level of gearing is different for different type of industries like some of them have small level of borrowings, References Modigliani F. and Miller M., 1958. The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and The Theory of Investment. American Economic Review 48, 261-297. Myers S.C., 1984. The capital structure puzzle. Journal of Finance 34 (3), 575-592. Myers S.C. and Majluf N., 1984. Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions when Firms have Information Investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics 13, 187-221. Hamilton R.T. and Fox M.A., 1998. The financing preferences of small firm owners. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research 4 (3), 239-248. Holmes S. and Kent P., 1991. An Empirical Analysis of the Financial Structure of Small and Large Australian Manufacturing Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Finance 1 (2), 141-154.

Building an Effective Marketing Plan - 6928 Words

A Building An effective MArketing plAn sent to all individuals in the organization who must implement the plan or who will be affected by it. If the plan is directed to an external audience, such as friends, banks, venture capitalists, or potential investors, for the purpose of raising capital, it has the additional function of being an important sales document. In this case, it contains elements such as the strategic plan/focus, organization, structure, and biographies of key personnel that would rarely appear in an internal marketing plan. Also, the financial information is far more detailed when the plan is used to raise outside capital. The elements of a marketing plan for each of these two audiences are compared in Figure A–1. The†¦show more content†¦Executive summary 2. Description of company 3. Strategic plan/focus 4. Situation analysis 5. Market-product focus 6. Marketing program strategy and tactics 7. RD and operations program 8. Financial projections 9. Orga nization structure 10. Implementation plan 11. Evaluation and control Appendix A: Biographies of key personnel Appendix B, etc.: Details on other topics Figure A–1 Elements in typical marketing and business plans targeted at different audiences is probably 60 or 70 percent of the entire business plan. For businesses like a small restaurant or an auto repair shop, their marketing and business plans are virtually identical. The elements of a business plan typically targeted at internal and external audiences appear in the two right-hand columns in Figure A–1. The Most-Asked Questions by Outside Audiences Lenders and prospective investors reading a business or marketing plan that is used to seek new capital are probably the toughest audiences to satisfy. Their most-asked questions include the following: 1. Is the business or marketing idea valid? 2. Is there something unique or distinctive about the product or service that separates it from substitutes and competitors? 3. Is there a clear market for the product or service? 4. Are theShow MoreRelatedImplement Marketing Strategies and Tactics1405 Words   |  6 PagesName- JUGJEET SINGH Id- std02144 Assessment 1. Implement marketing strategies and tactics Briefing stakeholders- Persons involved directly or indirectly with the organisation or project. BBQfun will be the leading outdoor-lifestyle retailer, catering to the growing need for furnishing new and renovated dwellings in the greater Brisbane area. Board of directors- BBQfun’s board of directors need to approve the plan, customers specific needs, prepare a report of high population in Greater BrisbaneRead MoreProduct Quality1288 Words   |  6 PagesAn essay on: â€Å"Marketing and ethics are like oil and water – they just don’t mix. There is no place for ethics in the cut-throat world of marketing†. Discuss The success of a product is always determined by how well it’s marketed. In that case marketing has an important role in every product that we produce. But when ethics is associated with marketing, it can’t go on one direction. It is like oil and water which does not mix together. What is marketing? Marketing is a societal process byRead MoreHow You Start Your Business?1019 Words   |  5 Pagescan be delivered and find out if it is needed. Supply and demand is key, if nobody wants the service nobody is going to buy the product. Once a good idea for a service has been found, the next step for any future businessmen is to conduct a business plan. This should focus on the future and will become the roadmap for business. This will require a lot of hard work. According to SBA an entrepreneur should start with the company description. This will highlight the nature of the business and the marketRead MoreNew Retail Shop in Plovdiv- Zara1497 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod of approximately three months. 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Microsoft Analysis - 1396 Words

ABSTRACT: This assignment tries to assess the current market status of Microsoft Corporation. As well this assignment will try to assess its current market position as per its business units, functionality, and also its different operations sectors as well its strategies for its rivals. Also this assignment will do financial comparative analysis study and benchmarking with nearest rivals like apple Inc., Google Corporation and Oracle Inc. and will applied to discover key factors for proposed area of developments and further improvements. Here the analysis tools like Porter 8-force analysis, PESTEL-analysis will be applied and the expected outcomes of analysis and benchmarking with nearest rivals will be incorporated in an analysis of†¦show more content†¦The growth is presented in percentage and the net income as well net revenue is presented in US $BILLION.RAVENUE CHARTINTERPRETATION: This column chart presents net revenue and net income in US$ BILLION and net growth in percentage. A lso the head count of company total employees.(SOURCE MICROSOFT ANNUAL REPORT JULY 2012) | It has total revenue of $ 73.72 billion and the operative income of $ 21.76 billion as well the net income is $16.97 billion and the company has total assets of $121.2 billion. Also it has more than 90000 employees. (Microsoft 2012) ROI OF MICROSOFT CORPORTION: ROI | PAYBACK PERIOD | TOTAL BENIFIT | TOTAL COSTS | NET PRESENT VALUE | 243% | 4.1 month | US$ 665086 | US$ 193686 | US$665086 | | INTERPRETATION:This table presents the ROI of the MICROSOFT CORPORATION in percentage and it’s payback period, total costs as well net present value in US$. | ABOUT RIVALS: Microsoft has main three rivals comparatively: 1. Apple Inc.: Apple Inc. (NASDAQ formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) is an American multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. Its head quarter is in 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California, 95014 and Apples headquarters for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) are located inShow MoreRelatedMicrosoft Analysis2459 Words   |  10 PagesBusiness Analysis Part I Daniel Wallace Management 521 May 28, 2012 Business Analysis Part I Microsoft is ranked 37 in the Fortune 500 list of companies (CNN, 2012). It is the world’s largest software company (Turits amp; Wesman, 2012), and is composed of five separate divisions: Windows, Business, Servers and Tools, Entertainment and Devices, and Online. Investors should look at how a company meets the needs of its stakeholders and perform a strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT)Read MoreMicrosoft Corporation (Analysis)17842 Words   |  72 PagesMicrosoft Corporation (MSFT) - Financial and Strategic SWOT Analysis Review Reference Code: GDTC22599FSA One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052-6399 United States Phone Fax Website Exchange www.microsoft.com MSFT [NASDAQ] +1 425 8828080 Revenue Net Profit Employees Industry Publication Date: FEB 2012 69,943 (million USD) 23,150 (million USD) 90,000 Technology Communications and Company Overview Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft) is one of the leading providers of software and storage products andRead More Analysis of Microsoft Essay3456 Words   |  14 PagesTable of Contents Executive Summary 2 Company Background 2 Company Research 3 Value Chain Analysis 3 Customer Profile 4 Competitors 4 External Analysis 5 Internal Analysis 7 Financials 8 Situation Analysis 8 Alternatives 9 Recommendation 11 Implementation 11 Contingency 12 Bibliography 14 Appendix 15 â€Æ' Executive Summary Microsoft has been a leader in the software industry for many years. As the technology industry has changed, so has the type of devices. This change has createdRead MoreFinancial Analysis Of Microsoft Corporation971 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial Analysis of Microsoft Corporation The student learner was to pick a publicly traded company and perform a financial analysis based on the company’s financial statements. The student learner chose Microsoft Corporation. The student learner will obtain, analyze, and determine Microsoft’s financial well-being. Microsoft has better return on assets, but they can improve in other areas. Microsoft can increase profit margin, asset management and based on Microsoft s assets, and capital theyRead MoreMicrosoft Case Analysis Essay621 Words   |  3 PagesProfessor Lisa Epstein September 28, 2009 Executive Summary The main problem that Microsoft is having in Europe is with the antitrust ruling. As stated in the case â€Å"The immediate issue before the court is whether to uphold the European Commission’s landmark 2004 antitrust decision against Microsoft or to side with Microsoft in its appeal.† (Pearce-Robinson, 8-1) The two main issues that the case is about is Microsoft tying their media player in with the operating system and not willing to releaseRead MoreMicrosoft Strategy Analysis Essay4644 Words   |  19 Pages1 Executive Summary After the successful acquisition of Yahoo!, Microsoft has increased its share on the internet search market and become market leader in web-service subscribers. However, it is still far behind Google in the searching advertising market. Although Google is by far the leading power in search advertising today, internet search technology is still in its infancy and there are much room for improvement. Microsoft shall invest on the R D research of search technology and theRead MoreMicrosoft Analysis : Microsoft Office Suite1225 Words   |  5 PagesMicrosoft Corporation is one of the most well-known technological companies in the world. This massive company offers many services and products available to different kinds of customers around the world. One of the most popular products Microsoft offers is Microsoft Office Suite. The main applications of Microsoft Office are Word, Excel, Access, Publisher, PowerPoint, Outlook, and OneNote. Microsoft Word allows users to compose and edit documents. Excel allows users to organize data in spreadsheetsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Microsoft Software1270 Words   |  6 Pages SWOT ASSIGNMENT Microsoft Microsoft is one the world s leading corporations in the field of software, services and solutions in information technology. 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The company has thrived on its ability toRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Microsoft Inc.2792 Words   |  12 PagesMicosoft was founded on 4th April 1975 by Bill Gates Paul Allen and is headquartered in Redmond, Washington (USA). The company provides employment to more than 89000 people. Microsoft recorded revenues of $62000 million in the financial Year 2010 (Microsoft, 2011). Microsoft became the global leader of software services and internet technologies for the computing industry in the early 90’s. It provides wide range of products services and is involved in developing manufacturing, licensing and

Personal Response on Sexuality Identity Essay - 1418 Words

Personal Response on Sexuality Identity University of Phoenix Personal Response on Sexuality Identity Our sexual identity starts at birth and evolves as we continue to age. Several factors can influence an individual’s sexual identity. Like several things in one’s life, sexual identity develops as we go through different stages of life. The things that could influence the development of our sexual identity are environmental factors, value systems, gender identity, relationships, and love. Sexual Decision Making The critical thinking process for making sexual decision is extremely important. The statement that knowledge is power could not be truer. I believe with this statement and the strong value system that†¦show more content†¦An individual’s gender identity (in some cases) is based upon one’s chromosomal sex (Nevid, Rathus Fichner-Rathus, 2005). Several factors can influence our gender identity. As a child (nurture) can help to shape, ones gender identity. One’s father and mother can see their child as male or female, meaning they see female as having feminine traits and a male as having masculine traits. For example, I was born female and this is the main factor in the evolution of my personal gender identity. My mother and father tried to dress me in clothes for a girl, while trying to teach me how to sit like a lady, and to show characteristics that are considered to fit my gender (female). Society defines a person’s gender by what they see; meaning the outward appearance of the individual is how they determine a person’s gender. Some people base their gender identity on social norms. I would not say that my gender identity has been easily influenced by society or culture. I may relate to the feminine role and that may be a reason why I consider myself a female. I am content in being female and it come naturally to me. Environmental and Historical Influences Growing up with a mother who reeked of femininity did not influence me to be more feminine. As a child, I liked wearing blue jeans and playing in mud puddlesShow MoreRelatedPersonal Response on Sexuality Identity1418 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Response on Sexuality Identity Lillian M. Floyd PSY/265 Lauren Lappe February 16.2014 A person’s sexual identity may seem like something obvious, something that should be an essential characteristic of our lives. However as we have found, these things are not always so simple, often finding that our sexual identity, is ever changing most of our lives. I have given my own identity some thought and I find for me it wasn’t easy. In this essayRead MoreEssay on Personal Response on Sexuality Identity1766 Words   |  8 PagesFinal Project: Personal Response on Sexuality Identity Adriele Ajavon Psychology of Human Sexuality/ PSY 265 10/24/2010 Dean Marzofka Sex is a significant act of life. The deed is commonly initiated by arousal and results in conception or sheer satisfaction. A great deal of thought rarely goes into the execution of the actual performance, as sexual urges are instinctive. The true brainpower lies within the thought processes associated with sex. Love, commitment, and friendship are three aspectsRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Gay Male Body Image1209 Words   |  5 Pageshuman sexuality: sources, satisfaction, and perceived knowledge among college students. Sex Education, 11(4), 471-487. The article states that college student receive limited education about sex. Rutledge, Siebert, Chonody, and Killian conducted a research at a major university to examine: how college students learned about sex, satisfaction with the way they learned about sex, and self-perceived levels of knowledge about sexuality before and after completing a course on human sexuality. As resultsRead MoreSexual education programmes within school based learning have long been cause for controversy,1600 Words   |  7 Pagesreference to which approach should be taken, what topics should be raised and at what age children should be begin to learn about sexual development and sexuality. Previously, sex education has focused on the biological development of humans however in recent years programs have shifted towards integration of sexuality and sexual health promotion in response to sexual development within children and the changing values of society. Sex education curriculum has often been the subje ct of debate as curriculumRead MoreSexual Orientation Identity And Its Influence On Student Development1376 Words   |  6 Pagesremain aware of how students and their identities are evolving. Higher education is constantly evolving, which is why it is extremely important to take sexual orientation identity and its influence on student development into account. In this paper, I will explore Fassinger’s (1998) sexual orientation identity model and provide an analysis of the theory. I will also share my findings from three interviews with students who are in different stages of sexual identity formation. Finally, I will addressRead MorePsy Final1689 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Project Personal Response on Sexuality Identity Review the instructions for the final project in Appendix A. Construct a 1,400- to 1,750-word personal response, analyzing the development of your own sexuality. Address the following topics in your paper: †¢ Relate value systems and critical thinking to your sexual decision making before and after this course. I think that before I had started this class I really didn’t think of the different types of sexual identities and honestly didn’tRead MoreMen Who Have Sex With Men Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pages MSM Men Who Have Sex With Men A Critical Concept Essay Tara L. Gill CIIS Sexuality is historically rooted vacillating through out time, adjusting to the individuals personal experience and is influenced by cultural norms. In the United States, sexual behavior and attitudes are driven by variations in gender, social class, ethnicity, and religion. In fact, sexuality is fluid and is different for everyone. It is a unique, diverse, complicated, secretive, and puzzling experienceRead MoreDiversity in Sexual Orientation1149 Words   |  5 Pages Sometimes I think -- How is sexual identity developed? What influences who we become sexually? Why is there such diversity in sexual orientation? To be quite frank, there are no correct or incorrect answers to these questions. The idea of sexual orientation and behavior is a very complex one. What was true in the past is certainly different than the norm today. When I researched the various psychological theories and methodologies of measuring one’s sexuality, naturally I came across the work ofRead MoreBiologi cal Differences Between Males And Females1176 Words   |  5 Pages(Auleb 1). One biological difference between males and females is in external genitalia: males have penises whereas females have vaginas. Sexuality refers to one s sexual orientation, sexual behaviors, and capacity for sexual feelings (YourDictionary.com). Someone who is not sexually attracted to anyone may identify themselves as asexual. And sexual identity is one s conception of themselves in terms of to whom they are sexually and romantically attracted, if they experience sexual or romanticRead MoreSex Minority And Sexual Minority Orientation1156 Words   |  5 Pages The Williams, Connolly, Pepler, and Craig (2005) study focuses on issues they feel are specific to sexual minority (lesbian, gay, and bisexual) adolescents and those that are questioning their sexuality. Williams et al. questions the way sexual orientation, victimization, psychosocial adjustment, and social support are intertwined in relation to se xual minority youth. They hypothesized that the absence of social support, from both family and friends, along with the experiences relating to being

American History And Its Impact On America - 1107 Words

American History American History and its people are extremely important to the health and progression of their nation. So may played a critical part in shaping this nation into what it is today. Even though many would love just to focus on the crisis and bad decisions that some have made. Our country is considered the land of the free, land of opportunity, land of dreams coming true. We can’t let bad choices by a few select cloud who we are and celebrate the great achievements we have made together as a nation. To do so would be to make a mockery out of the lives of those who worked so hard to shape this nation into one of the greatest nations on the earth. Most of these people acted from a place of strong faith and beliefs. They forged on against adversity and hostility because of this hope in God and in freedom. Thomas Jefferson was a man who helped establish this country on faith. He was the initial author of the Declaration of Independence and key to affirming freedom and rights for Americans. Jefferson introduced the statue of religious freedom. This is still having an impact on our society today and has helped solidify Christians’ faith across this country. Jefferson was president the years 1800-1808 and he oversaw the expansion of American territory in the west. Benjamin Franklin played a key role in encouraging the diverse colonies to gain together in the war of independence. He later served as an American ambassador to France and helped to cementShow MoreRelatedWorld War One s Impact On American Economics1589 Words   |  7 Pages1’s Impact on American Economics By Chris Danielson History 104, Fall 2015 University of North Dakota As a student studying business, I like to look at significant events in US history and the impact they had on business in America. In addition to business, I have always been interested in wars and America’s involvement in those wars. When we started discussing World War 1 in class, it peaked my interest. Not only did we discuss the war, but we also looked at the impact it had on American businessRead MoreThe Cultural Crossroads Of The Americas794 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresent modern day American and historic America inhabited by Native American Indians. Bob Haozous plays on these two scenarios in an art installation that portrays two sides of American history. The left is depicted through three hunter-gatherers with tools and performing cultural rituals. The right side is depicted through tall buildings and symbols that represent American culture. This paper will analyze the social histories, national histories, and religious histories present in Haozous’ â€Å"TheR ead MoreThe Battle Of The American Civil War905 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil war occurred about seventy-eight years after the American Revolution, and has many of the same characteristics of a revolution. In both wars, the American people fought for what they believed in and the way of life that they wished to live. However, the two wars differ from each other, as the soldiers that fought in the Civil War fought a new American Revolution that could have split the new world. The Confederate soldiers in the Civil War fought to keep their way of life withoutRead MoreBenjamin FranklinS Contributions To The American History1537 Words   |  7 Pages Benjamin Franklin s contributions to the American history Benjamin Franklin has a significant impact to the American Revolution and the building of a new nation. His brilliant inventions throughout his life made a significant impact on the United States and will be remembered for them in U.S history. Franklin had inventions like the Franklins stove, and the lightning rod, he also discovered electricity. His inventions and discoveries have changed lives from the first day it was introduced.Read MoreKorean War On North Korea1023 Words   |  5 Pagesespecially, America. Since America played a big role in Korean War because they are supporting South Korea from the invasion of USSR with North Korea. america is affected economically, agriculturally and some government policies are changed after the war. The changes America changed after the war still left a footprint on America today. The policies affects America’s relationship with South and North Korea. In order to understand the true significance of the Korean War played in American history, one mustRead MoreColonial Americas without the Indians1566 Words   |  7 Pagesone’s history textbook is accurate, but this is not always the case. The definition of history is the study of past events, â€Å"the branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events†, according the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. One may â€Å"regard the native Americans-if we regard them at all-as exotic or pathetic footnotes to the main course of American history†, according to Axtell. (Axtell, James.981) One may believe this because of what textbooks say. When mentioning Indians, History textbooksRead MoreImpact of Religion on American History to 1877934 Words   |  4 PagesEvidence throughout American history confirms religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most war s in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. SpecificallyRead MoreEssay on Did Religion Impact American History?561 Words   |  3 PagesEvidence throughout American history, confirms religion has significantly contributed to the evolution of our culture. Multiple events have contributed, including politics, people and weather. Politics and people are widely impacted by religion. Religion is the primary cause of most wars in countries across the world. Many historians believe America was formed on the basis of religion. In this research paper, I will illustrate the impact religion had on American History to 1877. SpecificallyRead More a peoples history Essay example844 Words   |  4 Pages A People’s History of the United States 1492 – Present by Howard Zinn takes a realistic viewpoint that is not seen in many textbooks, and that is exactly the point. Zinn writes about the dark sides of United States icons, which students are rarely taught about. Through historical examples, such as Christopher Columbus’ treatment of Native American Arawak Indians, Zinn supports his thesis. In Zinn’s book, he displays his displeasure with the way Americans are taught glorified history, as does anotherRead MoreThe Cover Of A History Of Islam975 Words   |  4 PagesThe cover of â€Å"A History of Islam in America† is very controversial if compared to what is written in the text. My perceptions so far from reading Kambiz GhaneaBassiri book is that he gives factual information on Muslim Black history. But on the cover of the book, the group of people that I see are white skinned immigrants. It confuses me that a historian that spent most of the book from chapter 1-6, discussing the enslavement of African Muslim to the New World and how they had to assimilate to a

What is Cryptography Free Essays

Technology has developed throughout the years, which has been shown by changes in different aspects of how people live their daily lives. One example could be the means of transportation which started from horses during early times to carriages, invention of automobiles, aircrafts, submarines and many more which we use at present. Through centuries, sending of messages has also evolved from messenger mail to electronic mail via the World Wide Web. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Cryptography? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with these are rising security threats to senders and receivers of those messages who fear that their mail would be opened by someone else. It is and has been the same problem ever since. How can these security threats and privacy invasions be avoided then? The main topic of this research is the importance of a science that helps everyone. It could be in terms of technology to the benefit of computer enthusiasts and industrialists, or simply for protection of the privacy of each citizen. The following pages would give the readers a brief introduction of the subject at hand, Cryptography. Along with its definition, history, forms and uses, readers would also be able to learn how important this science is and why each person should use it in their daily communication. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, Cryptography is the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher, the computerized encoding and decoding of information. It is also known as secret writing. Derived from the Greek words kryptos, which means hidden and the grafo, meaning write, is the transformation of data into a secure message, so that unintended recepients would not be able to understand or use them. (Wikibooks, Inc. , 2007). Cryptography is used to hide information by means of encryption, therefore making data unreadable to those who don’t have the secret key that can decipher or decrypt the message into an understandable one. Encryption is done when information is transformed into something which others might see as useless. This is called ciphertext. The act of transforming the said information into an understandable format with the use of a cipher or secret key is called decryption. (Wikibooks, 2007) The use of cryptography is seen today through its many uses. These include the security of ATM cards, electronic commerce and computer passwords. These are used for access control and confidentiality of secure information. (Cryptography, 2007) Such techniques like microdots and combining words with images are used by cryptographers to hide information from unintended recepients. (Pawliw, 2006) The earliest known use of cryptography is Classical Cryptography. It shows that it has been thousands of years since cryptography was first done. History has stated that the first proof of the use of cryptography dates back to 2000 BC. It has been related with the Egyptians’ practice of hieroglyphics which consisted of complicated pictograms seen carved into monuments of Ancient Egypt. These pictograms were hard to interpret and only a chosen few knew what their real meanings were. Some time within 500 and 600 BC, Hebrew scholars made use of simple substitution ciphers like the Atbash Cipher in order to solve these encrypted messages. According to Wikibooks, the first known use of a modern cipher was by Julius Caesar (100 BC to 44 BC): â€Å"†¦who did not trust his messengers when communicating with his governors and officers. For this reason, he created a system in which each character in his messages was replaced by a character three positions ahead of it in the Roman alphabet. † (Wikibooks, 2007) By the time of World War II, there has become a great use of mechanical and electromechanical cryptographic cipher machines, but the usage of these was very impractical. During this time, there were various developments in both mathematical and practical cryptography. When the period of modern cryptography began, Claude Shannon, father of mathematical cryptography, published the paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1949. Shortly after that, along with Warren Weaver, he published the book Mathematical Theory of Communication as well. Because of those publications, a solid theoretical basis for cryptography and for cryptanalysis was established, which made cryptography known only by secret government communications organizations such as the NSA. It was only in 1969 that the public again saw developments in the field of cryptography: â€Å"First was the DES (Data Encryption Standard) submitted by IBM†¦ in an effort to develop secure electronic communication facilities for businesses such as banks and other large financial organizations†¦ it was adopted and published as a FIPS Publication (Federal Information Processing Standard) in 1977†¦has been made effectively obsolete by the adoption in 2001 of the Advanced Encryption Standard†¦DES was the first publicly accessible cypher algorithm to be ‘blessed’ by a national crypto agency such as NSA. The release of its design details by NBS stimulated an explosion of public and academic interest in cryptography. † (Wikibooks, 2006) Here are the important terms related to Cryptography in detail; Encryption is the act of hiding information using cryptography. Processed information in this manner is said to be encrypted. Decryption is the process of translating encrypted information. The Key is like a password used to encrypt and decrypt information. A transmission channel used to transmit information in secrecy is called a Secure Line, while a Public Line is the opposite. An example of which are public pay phones and the Internet. (Wooledge , 2000) There are several types of Cryptography being used today. In order to further explain the types of Cryptography, Wooledge compared the Key to a key to a door. First among these is the Symmetric Cipher, which can sometimes be called a symmetric key. Most of the time, it is used for simple types of cryptography because a same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the secret message. â€Å"Everybody who should have access to the room is given a copy of the key†¦put new information in, take old information out†¦if you send somebody a copy of the key by way of the Post Office, somebody working at the Post Office could intercept this key†¦allow them to access this same locked room, and do the same things with it†¦letting them read everything you locked up with that key, even letting them modify it. â€Å"(Wooledge , 2000) The Public Key Cryptography is more complex because in this type of cryptography there are two keys used and together, they are called a key pair. The key used to encrypt is called the public key, which can be given to anyone in order to send information to the owner of the private key, which will be used to decrypt information sent to him. The most common example of this is the use of electronic mail over the internet, also known as email. The public key is an email address which one gives out to his friends. This allows them to send information to the holder of the secret key, the owner of the email address, the only one who has the password to open and translate the information sent to him or her. (Wooledge , 2000) A One Time Pad is used to send high security messages such as national secrets and is considered the only perfect encryption in the world. In this type of encryption, both the sender and receiver has a copy of the pad to be used as a symmetric key to hide and unhide a message sent over a secure line and destroys them after it has been used. A good example of this is the one seen in Mission Impossible movies, wherein Ethan Hunt receives messages that self-destruct. (Wooledge , 2000) For the sake of totality, it would be best to include Steganography, the science of hiding information from people who would spy on a person. This type of encryption is designed not to let spies know that there is indeed a something hidden in a certain message. It is very effective, but only used occasionally. (Wooledge , 2000) Along with the internet, there is a large growth in the variety of forms of electronic communications, making its security very important. There are a number of enumerated uses for Cryptography such as protection of e-mail messages, credit card information, corporate and other important information. (Jupiter Media Corporation, 2004) After a brief background on Cryptography, readers would come to know why it is important to use them in their daily activities. The following are common concerns, goals or objectives that answer the above stated question. Message Confidentiality; Encrypted messages would only be understood by intended recepients of a certain message. If a sender would want to hide certain information from the public or from someone in particular, it would be best that cryptography is used. In that manner, only the receiver would have the key to translate the message into a useful and understandable one. Message Integrity; If an encrypted message is intercepted and changed during the sending process, it would easily be known by the receiver, which secures its integrity. Sender Authentication; It would be possible to make sure of the identities of both sender and recepient of the message. With cryptography, the recipient would be able to verify the true identity of the sender, along with the origin and destination of the message. Sender Non-Repudiation; This would prevent a sender from denying an intention to send and that he or she is the true sender of the said message. (Wikibooks, 2007) Though these cryptographic procedures are effective enough to achieve the goals, and concerns mentioned, it is still important for receivers and specially senders to practice caution such as creating a password with a very strong integrity, logging off private systems when they are not being used by the owner and keeping all private information to oneself. (Pawliw, 2006) Works Cited Cryptography. (2006). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary [Web]. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from http://www. m-w. com/cgi-bin/dictionary? book=Dictionaryva=cryptography Cryptography. (2007). In Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [Web]. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cryptography Pawliw, B (2006, January 13). Cryptography. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Search Security. com Web site: http://searchsecurity. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci214431,00. html Wikibooks, (2006, November 1). Cryptography/History of Cryptography. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Wikibooks, the Open-Content Textbooks collection Web site: http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Cryptography/History_of_Cryptography Wikibooks, (2007, January 10). Cryptography/Introduction. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from Wikibooks, the Open-Content Textbooks Collection Web site: http://en. wikibooks. org/wiki/Cryptography/Introduction Wooledge , G (2000, October 11). What types of cryptography are there?. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from wooledge. org Web site: http://wooledge. org/~greg/crypto/node5. html How to cite What is Cryptography?, Papers

Current Trends and Challenges Facing it Security

Question: Describe about The Essay for current trends and challenges facing IT sercuity. Answer: Introduction Information technology security is an important aspect any business or organization who are using information technology as their primary business resources. We all know that the internet and its related component are developing, and many more organizations are opening there IS (Information System) to their suppliers and partners. Therefore it has become essential to know which of the organization resources needs security to control system access and the customer or user rights of the IS (Information System). The primary goal or objective of information security is to protect the information system or information against unwanted or unauthorized access or modification of data or information. The information security is critical to measures such threats and protects the information and information system for adverse risks and situations. But this is also true that even if we have the right information system for the business or company. There is always some drawbacks or challenges tha t are faced within that information system. The technology is growing at a rapid speed and so as the challenges that are increasing in the domain of IT security. The document presented here is a detail discussion of the latest trends in the information technology security and the challenges that the companies are facing as far as the information technology security is a concern. The overall idea of presenting this essay is to discuss the current problems and trends in information technology security in various companies or business. Overview of IT Security According to Von Solms and Van Niekerk (2013), the term security is fundamental a concept developed by the humans which have become more and harder to explain and enforce in the age of information. The IT security is known as Information Technology security which refers to a process or technique of implementing measures and the system design to vigorously safeguard and protect the information such as personal or business data, conversation voice data, images, multimedia presentations or pictures and many such (Ifinedo 2012). Moreover it protects information or data uses in different forms of technology developed to build, store and utilize, and then exchange such data or information against and unwanted or unauthorized access, malfunction, misuse, destruction, modification and improper disclosure, therefore stabilizing the confidentiality, value, availability, integrity and intended use and its capability to do their permitted vital functions. IT (Information Technology) security refers to controlling access to the relevant digital information, so only those who authenticate need to access are allowed to do so (Kim et al. 2013). The task might seem so simple, but it has become very challenging and complex as the year is progressing due to rapid changes happening in information technology field. Information technology security is sometimes the challenge of balancing the demands of the customers versus the need for information integrity and confidentiality. Let us consider one example, providing the permission for the company employees to access a network from anywhere in this world such as from other country or state of from home or a project site, may increase the value of the system and the employee efficiency (Jajodia 2015). But bad luck is that the remote access to a system gives some changes to vulnerabilities and can lead to vital information security issues or challenges for the system administrator. Goals of Information Technology Security According to Peltier (2016), there are some objectives of information technology security which are Integrity, Confidentiality, and availability of information or data. Information technology security refers to protect the system or network from dangerous malicious system attacks, network harassment, and service interruptions. The Information technology security works to locate contain and where ever and when possible it tries to prevent the spread bad network traffic that will affect the organization system (Layton 2016). The objective of the IT security is to build protection against the reveals or enemies who would like or do damage to the system or organization IT. The main of e objectives are explained in detail below. Integrity It is to make sure that the data or information is correct, reliable, and accurate and cannot be changed in a way which is not expected. Confidentially It is safeguarding access to the critical data from those who do not have the right authority to use it (Vacca 2012). Availability This refers to the data availability to make sure that is available at any point of time to those who required using it. Importance of Information Technology Security According to Siponen et al. (2014), it is the collection of technologies, management practices, policies and standards that are integrated with information to keep it protected. It has four critical functions for a company which enables the protective operation of the system application integrated with the company IT (Information Technology) systems, safeguard the information of the business which is collected and utilized, protect the technology assets in use at the business and finally it preserve the business ability to function The Information Technology (IT) security enables the organizational management to protect the system application operations that is integrated in the system of IT Company. It is very essential to protect and safeguard the useful data and information. Apart from this, the company will also start to apply the appropriate software applications which will secure the organizational information like high end antivirus or any other protective applications (Willco cks 2013). Therefore the IT security is very critical in any IT system to safeguard the applications that are implemented in the system and to protect the information or data stored in According to AlHogail (2015), the IT security will protect the data that is collected and used by any company or organization. For an example, if any company or individual leaves their confidential information unprotected then it is sure that the information can be accessed by anyone in the organization and if the information is in the wrong hands that it can create challenges in many ways. The IT security programs will make sure that the assign data or information is protected both legal and business needs by taking steps to safeguard the company information or data (Li et al. 2015). Apart from this the steps that have been adopted to protect the information is a matter of maintaining security and will help the company or an individual from their identity theft. As discussed by Dhillon et al. (2016), the information is a vital asset for any business or organization and therefore it needs right kind of protection. The security requirement is critical due to the increase of interconnectivity within the organization and due to this; there is a high risk of data leakage which will then lead a wide range of vulnerabilities and threats. The protection of organization functionality for both IT and general management are responsible for the IT security implementation that the safeguards the company ability to function (Obrien et al. 2013). It is crucial because it holds their customers information which is super confidential and without them their business cannot operate. For an instance, Considering Information technology security in hospital which is critical because the information privacy and safety in the healthcare section are vital, and the implementation of electronic or digital patient records, increase in regulation, provider consolidation and the enhancing required for information between providers, payers and patient, all the points needed for a better IT security (Cao et al. 2014). The healthcare organization has to keep some Information technology security protocol. Current Trends in IT (Information Technology) Security The researcher itself has reflected and highlighted the latest trends in information technology sector which will enhance and dominate 2015. Some of the major trends are mentioned below by the researcher. Unintended state Intervention Consequences The commitment of official responsibility in cyberspace will establish the collateral damage threat and have seen the much outsourcing implication in which much organizational management has to rely upon this (Feng-hua 2016). Many analysts have also earned that any wrong implications will soon suffer the severe collateral damage. Iterant utilization of Big Data concept Much organizational management is making constant changes in embedding the concept of big data and decision making process. It is very necessary to recognize the human element regarding data analytics. Many multinational organizations fail to respect the human element that will automatically put the organizations at high risk. Internet Of Things (IOT) and Mobile Applications The concept of smart phones and various mobiles devices will increase the demand for applications of mobile and corporate sector in the forth coming year (Feng-hua 2016). To meet this requirement, many organizations are reducing the margins of profit and speed of delivery with low cost adaptability. Storm of Cyber Security The place of cyberspace is becoming an increasing attraction for hunting human belongings regarding inheriting additional money in the form of deposit (Feng-hua 2016). The future inheritance has implemented and adopted varieties of intellectual concepts by which any cyber stalks and threats cannot be terminated in any organizational management. ABYSS for Information Security The University of Dublin has made certain implications regarding the information security appliance which includes the application of Abyss in various corporate management (Whitmore et al. 2015). The concept of Abyss implies the top graded security management in an organizational management; which tends to protect the entire client and the vital customer data and the information. Invention of DevSecOps Many experts have expected that the concept of DevSecOps will be delivering more secure applications system in research and development segments. These types of technologies will help to fix and manipulate severe vulnerabilities in organizational management (Davis and Daniels 2016). Additionally, the researcher has maintained and manipulated several intellectual concepts which are very vital for any corporate management provided above. Wearable Equipments Technology Risks Wearable Equipments Technological risks: In this present era of technology, the advanced technology is taking new step ahead (Thierer 2015). These wearable equipment technologies gadgets are instantly growing and developing day by day in an overall market segmentation. Current Challenges of IT (Information Technology) Security There are various prevailing issues in information technology security; due to the regular up gradation changes and which are making things very difficult in terms of protection of resources. Few major challenges are described below: Integrating the Personal and Corporate life Many employees take advantage of free internet for their daily usage. For instance, the company workers use their respective company email id for their personal communication, and some of the employees are given mobile phones which they use for limited personal usage. Other employees might not have the home personal computer; they will use the company accessories for their personal works (Line et al. 2016). Apart from that, some of the employees bring their own laptop in their business to perform an official task. This increase the risk of IT security as the data or other applications can be access by an unauthorized person from the external company. Uncertain Implementation of Policies Many companies may not have implemented their organization policies in the past, or they have done so improperly depending on the situation of the enterprise employee. Now, this causes several problems when security features try to track down of violators (Niu et al. 2016). Some of the companies have already understood the importance of information technology security regulations and policies. Lack of IT security awareness The lack of understanding in information technology security makes the company employees not to secure their system correctly (Safa et al. 2016). The lack of IT security knowledge makes the system easily gets attack and as well the information or data. Difficult to manage Information Technology Security Some of the companies do not hire employees based on their education. The reason is that there are companies hiring employees as an IT security manager, but they lack proper education which matches the required skills (Bedrossian et al. 2016). So it becomes difficult for the staff to protect the organization's system and data with adequate safeguard. Third Party Suppliers The concept of third suppliers implies that the company has to address seriously to think about the implementation process in the common corporate workplace; to eliminate various situations where the provider by mistake provides the access to a business data, negotiation or plans, intellectual property that can lead to an accidental breach in security. Legacy Technology Many companies still support the legacy systems and as the connectivity keep increasing and these leads to the vulnerable systems which will expose to the attackers. Visibility The lack of clarity makes things difficult to control information leaving it vulnerable to breach. Advantages and Disadvantages of Information Security The information security has different advantages and disadvantages which is important to be addressed any company or individual to understand what benefits are their they can get from information security and what are the disadvantages they need to carefully consider in their information technology security. Advantages of Information Technology Security There are some major benefits of information technology security which are mentioned below by the researcher: Ease of implementation: It is easy to implement for protection; the user can simply use password to protect the documents. For more vital protection of information, the user can install firewalls, biometric or detection systems. Increase in technology: The day to day increase in technology; will also increase the threats and vulnerabilities related to the information technology (Safa and Von Solms 2016). The information technology security is very worthy by nature. Vulnerability Protection: It protects from vulnerability attacks on the network. Protection of private information: It protects the confidential information from the hands of unauthorized persons or individuals. Sensitivity: It keeps sensitive government information out of the reach of enemies and terrorist hands. It also protects some unwanted and threat files to enter into computers which might affect the system information. Disadvantages of Information Technology Security The latest changes going on in the information technology makes the users to themselves always up to date, and they need to purchase the most current information security. Therefore due to the changes happening in the information technology nothing is sure to be entirely secure. If an individual users skips one single section which should be safeguarded the entire information system could be compromised. IT security might be very complicated, and the user might not understand what has gone wrong with the system or what they are dealing with (Mithas and Rust 2016). It can decrease the productivity if the people consistently have to enter a password on each and every level. Recommendation for Security in Information Technology Using Secure Connection: When the system is connected to the internet, it becomes vital that the data needs to be protecting as it can become vulnerable while the data or information is transit. Make sure that you use secure FTP and remote connectivity. Secure password It is important the users should select strong passwords and create a different secure password for each account and make sure the password is changed regularly. Stay up to date The users or organizations needs to be updated with the internet security program. They need to use a firewall as well the system security such a paid version of antispyware and antivirus that will scan the user's system security and remove it from the system. Make sure that the user operating system and the softwares are all up to date. The best part is to change the system password on every 90 days of better IT security. Avoiding Scams and Spam It is vital that the users should always prevent the spam and scams emails that they receive from unknown individuals or companies. The users have to make sure they do not encourage such emails in their system and ensure that they do not open such emails as they contain some serious threats which might affect the system. Security of laptop accessories: Tracing personal computers and laptop with the technology of advance technology software applications will also be very helpful and useful in case of stolen or lot cases. On the other hand, some software provides the remote access for transferring the information or data to much secure center to protect the vital information. Make secure online purchase Before providing any critical information on shopping sites just make sure that the URL link is HTTPS, which indicates that the page is completely safe and you can trust the page and can provide your critical information such as debit or credit card details. Encrypting Information or Data The Stored information or files need to be encrypted because it is essential to protecting vital data and to help safeguard information or data loss due the equipment theft or loss. Maintaining security patches Many antivirus software needs a daily update and makes sure that the hardware and software stay up to date with the latest security patches. Therefore if you turn off automatic antivirus update, then the users has to be set up regular scanning of the system. Conclusion The document presented above discusses about the information technology security and various aspects of IT security such as the latest trends in information technology security and the current challenges. The above discussion stated that the IT safety is a critical aspect of any business or individual. The primary goal or objective of information security is to protect the information system or information against unwanted or unauthorized access or modification of data or information. The overall idea of presenting this essay is to discuss the current problems and trends in information technology security in various companies or business. The essay describes the importance of information technology security and their objectives, and it also discusses about how the current trends are in IT security. Various challenges related to information technology security are also described in this document. 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